What Is Poetry, and How Is It Different

There are as many definitions of poetry as there are poets. William Wordsworth defined poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. Emily Dickinson said, If I read a book and it makes my body so cold no fire ever can warm me, I know that is poetry. Dylan Thomas defined poetry this way: Poetry is what makes me laugh or cry or yawn, what makes my toenails twinkle, what makes me want to do this or that or nothing. Poetry is a lot of things to a lot of people. Homers epic, The Odyssey, described the wanderings of the adventurer, Odysseus, and has been called the greatest story ever told. During the English Renaissance, dramatic poets such as John Milton, Christopher Marlowe, and of course, William Shakespeare gave us enough words to fill textbooks, lecture halls, and universities. Poems from the Romantic period include Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Faust (1808), Samuel Taylor Coleridges Kubla Khan (1816), and John Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn (1819). Shall we go on? Because in order to do so, we would have to continue through 19th-century Japanese poetry, early Americans that include Emily Dickinson and T.S. Eliot, postmodernism, experimentalists, form versus free verse, slam, and so on. What Defines Poetry? Perhaps the characteristic most central to the definition of poetry is its unwillingness to be defined, labeled, or nailed down. Poetry is the chiseled marble of language. It is a paint-spattered canvas, but the poet uses words instead of paint, and the canvas is you. Poetic definitions of poetry kind of spiral in on themselves, however, like a dog eating itself from the tail up. Lets get nitty. Lets, in fact, get gritty. We can likely render an accessible definition of poetry by simply looking at its form and its purpose. One of the most definable characteristics of the poetic form is the economy of language. Poets are miserly and unrelentingly critical in the way they dole out words. Carefully selecting words for conciseness and clarity is standard, even for writers of prose. However, poets go well beyond this, considering a words emotive qualities, its backstory,  its musical value, its double- or triple-entendres, and even its spatial relationship on the page. The poet, through innovation in both word choice and form, seemingly rends significance from thin air. One may use prose to narrate, describe, argue, or define. There are equally numerous reasons for writing poetry. But poetry, unlike prose, often has an underlying and overarching purpose that goes beyond the literal. Poetry is evocative. It typically provokes in the reader an intense emotion: joy, sorrow, anger, catharsis, love, etc. Poetry has the ability to surprise the reader with an Ah-ha! experience and to give revelation, insight, and further understanding of elemental truth and beauty. Like Keats said: Beauty is truth. Truth, beauty. That is all ye know on Earth and all ye need to know. Hows that? Do we have a definition yet? Lets sum it up like this: Poetry is artistically rendering words in such a way as to evoke intense emotion or an ah-ha! experience from the reader, being economical with language and often writing in a set form.   Boiling it down like that doesnt quite satisfy all the nuances, the rich history, and the work that goes into selecting each word, phrase, metaphor, and punctuation mark to craft a written piece of poetry, but its a start. Its difficult to shackle poetry with definitions. Poetry is not old, frail, and cerebral. Poetry is stronger and fresher than you think. Poetry is imagination and will break those chains faster than you can say Harlem Renaissance. To borrow a phrase, poetry is a riddle wrapped in an enigma swathed in a cardigan sweater... or something like that. An ever-evolving genre, it will shirk definitions at every turn. That continual evolution keeps it alive. Its inherent challenges to doing it well and its ability to get at the core of emotion or learning keep people writing it. The writers are just the first ones to have the ah-ha moments as theyre putting the words on the page (and revising them). Rhythm and Rhyme If poetry as a genre defies easy description, we can at least look at labels of different kinds of forms. Writing in form doesnt just mean that you need to pick the right words but that you need to have correct rhythm (prescribed stressed and unstressed syllables), follow a rhyming scheme (alternate lines rhyme or consecutive lines rhyme), or use a refrain or repeated line. Rhythm. You may have heard about writing in iambic pentameter, but dont be intimidated by the jargon. Iambic just means that there is an unstressed syllable that comes before a stressed one. It has a clip-clop, horse gallop feel. One stressed and one unstressed syllable makes one foot, of the rhythm, or meter, and five in a row makes up pentameter.  For example, look at this line from Shakespeares Romeo Juliet, which has the stressed syllables bolded: But, soft! What light through yonder window breaks? Shakespeare was a master at iambic pentameter. Rhyme scheme. Many set forms follow a  particular pattern to their rhyming. When analyzing a rhyme scheme, lines are labeled with letters to note what ending of each rhymes with which other. Take this stanza from Edgar Allen Poes ballad Annabel Lee: It was many and many a year ago,In a kingdom by the sea,That a maiden there lived whom you may knowBy the name of Annabel Lee;And this maiden she lived with no other thoughtThan to love and be loved by me. The first and third lines rhyme, and the second, fourth, and sixth lines rhyme, which means it has an a-b-a-b-c-b rhyme scheme, as thought does not rhyme with any of the other lines. When lines rhyme and theyre next to each other, theyre called a rhyming  couplet. Three in a row is called a rhyming triplet. This example does not have a rhyming couplet or triplet because the rhymes are on alternating lines. Poetic Forms Even young schoolchildren are familiar with poetry such as the ballad form (alternating rhyme scheme), the haiku (three lines made up of five syllables, seven syllables, and five syllables), and even the limerick — yes, thats a poetic form in that it has a rhythm and rhyme scheme. It might not be literary, but it is poetry. Blank verse poems are written in an iambic format, but they dont carry a rhyme scheme. If you want to try your hand at challenging, complex forms, those include the sonnet (Shakespeares bread and butter), villanelle (such as Dylan Thomass Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night.), and sestina, which rotates line-ending words in a specific pattern  among its six stanzas. For  terza rima, check out translations of Dante Alighieris  The Divine Comedy, which follows this rhyme scheme:  aba, bcb, cdc,  ded  in iambic pentameter. Free verse doesnt have any rhythm or rhyme scheme, though its words still need to be written economically. Words that start and end lines still have particular weight, even if they dont rhyme or have to follow any particular metering pattern. The more poetry you read, the better youll be able to internalize the form and invent within it. When the form seems second nature, then the words will flow from your imagination to fill it more effectively than when youre first learning the form. Masters in Their Field The list of masterful poets is long. To find what kinds you like, read a wide variety of poetry, including those already mentioned here. Include poets from around the world and all through time, from the Tao Te Ching to Robert Bly and his translations (Pablo Neruda, Rumi, and many others). Read Langston Hughes to Robert Frost. Walt Whitman to Maya Angelou. Sappho to Oscar Wilde. The list goes on and on. With poets of all nationalities and backgrounds putting out work today, your study never really has to end, especially when you find someones work that sends electricity up your spine. Source Flanagan, Mark. What is Poetry? Run Spot Run, April 25, 2015. Grein, Dusty. How to Write a Sestina (with Examples and Diagrams). The Society of Classical Poets, December 14, 2016. Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. Paperback, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, June 25, 2015.

The Freedom Of Speech Across The World Wide Web - 1133 Words

Research Paper #1 Internet censorship has been a growing issue in America. Many bills like The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act (PIPA) are trying to be passed that are trying to control the internet. If the internet is censored and controlled by the government we will be losing our freedom of speech across the world-wide web. This is huge issue in other countries where people are jailed and prosecuted for thoughts and opinions published on the web. If nothing is done to stop internet censorship in America, this could be a reality for us as well. Internet freedom has been a hot topic throughout the past years. With the government trying to pass bills to limit and censor it. However those bills are going against our human rights of freedom of speech. â€Å"In June 2012, it was declared a human right by the United Nations Human Rights Council. The resolution on ‘The Promotion, Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet’ (HRC 2012) calls on all states to promote and facilitate access to the Internet, and to ensure that the same rights of freedom of expression that are available offline are protected and upheld online.† (Carr 1). So if the internet is a human right, why is the government trying to censor it? One reason would be crime on the internet. Even though the internet connects us all, it also connects illegal trades of goods and services. Another reason toShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom Of Speech : Hate Speech1187 Words   |  5 PagesAn Introduction to the Marketplace of Ideas Freedom of speech, along with the freedom of the press, have both become the two most important rights for each American citizen to defend. 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Essay861 Words   |  4 Pagesargue that placing restrictions on Internet usage is in direct violation of the First Amendment Rights of the Constitution. This right was established long before the Internet was even inkling in someone’s imagination. By restricting web site content, society freedom of opinion and expression are oppressed (EFF, www.eff.org/freespeech.html July 1990). The Internet allows everyone in a group to have the same opportunities for engaging in and partaking of debates. Even people with disabilities, whoRead MoreInternet Censorship: Censoring Freedom Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagescommunication and information can travel across the world in a matter of seconds. Ever since the internet was first made publically available in 1991 the ease of accessing entertainment, education, and information has been increasing every year. 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These include using a VPN service, using web proxiesRead More Internet Censorship Essay example1506 Words   |  7 PagesBut Mr. Pollock isn’t the only candidate whose chances of winning are diminished because of Internet censoring software. In Fact, The two leading school censoring products Cyber Patrol and N2H2 Bess, used in over 40,000 schools and school districts across the nation, also blocked millions of people from viewing Pat Casey’s website, Mark Greene’s website, and over 37 other candidates’ campaign homepages. Most of the millions of people blocked from these campaign pages are also blocked from many pagesRead MoreEnough is Enough1321 Words   |  6 Pagesstore and see across the counter a picture of a dead fetus on a cigarette p ackage? Is it in the governments power to determine and force billion dollar companies to advertise against their own products? And is the propaganda on the issue of smoking gone to far? Tobacco as an industry has evolved greatly over time worldwide as well as the sciences giving us the truths in all its negativity, but the main concern the consumer should be worried about is ones nations rights and freedoms; laws and scienceRead MoreImportance Of Censorship In Society1406 Words   |  6 Pagesactivity out of children’s minds, protects our country, and prevents children from seeing offensive language, while censorship is also harmful to our culture because it invades privacy. I believe censorship is necessary, especially in the social media world we live in today. Censorship is the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security. It has a long history and everyone has a different perspective

Measuring Poverty free essay sample

One of the Millennium Development Goals of the Philippines is to eradicate the extreme poverty and hunger. One of the factors that affect the living of Filipino families pertains to their wage. The minimum wage of P446 is insufficient for a family of 5-6 members to live decently. Family wage is essentially the wage of the whole family as a whole, including any types of wages made off to the side. It may be hard to calculate this value. Minimum wage mainly refers to the monthly, hourly or daily wage which is acceptable for any formal employee. It is important that the workers are not expected to sell their labor below the minimum standard. The minimum wage set can differ according to jurisdiction and applies to lower their environment. A minimum wage is the lowest hourly wage that employers can legally pay to workers. Children and parents in low-income families, especially those that rely on less or minimum wage earners, are more susceptible to financial hardships than higher-income families. Many factors contribute to family poverty including underemployment and unemployment. Some may inherit poverty because of born into a particular social group defined by race, class and location. Families who constitute the â€Å"working group† may have one or both parents working at or near minimum wage. People with inadequate income typically give accounts of their difficulties in meeting basic costs, including struggling to pay for food, accommodation, clothing, education, health care, utilities, transport and recreation and trying to balance competing demands. The poverty incidence is the percentage of poor compared to the total population. By means of these, we can identify how many families are living below poverty line. The government can address the issue in a more specific and particular way, government programs and policies will be given an emphasis in concentrating its forces for the poor families. Minimum wage increases reduce poverty but that the effect is minimal. Food stamps were phased –out during minimum-wage increases and that this is partially offset the benefits of wage increases. Background of the Study Our study covers measuring the poverty incidence within their families, their current lifestyle, and what are government’s plan to address their problems and how to further improve and uplift their current standard of living. We cannot deny the problem that these below minimum wage earners are facing today; not enough food to sustain for the whole family, lack of proper shelter that protects them through rain or calamity, lack of health security that would assure their medical needs, children which they cannot send to school for proper education, and worst, family members are engaging in crimes just for them to escape a day’s problem. It is of high regard that these problems must be stress out to everyone for them to realize how these families, greatly needed the government and civil society’s attention and care. We are to conduct these study to prevent further higher negative effects to poor families and to give awareness to their current situation, also how the government, civil society, business firms and the community can help better improve their lives in addressing the said situation. It is of big importance that this study would help the government and the families themselves on how they can lessen their problem and be an asset to the government than being a liability. We see that the problem within, are lack of proper planning and firm discipline in executing plans on the part of the subject themselves. Geographical conditions of the study locale are; informal settlers, dirty and unnecessary smell of area, no sanitation, and lack of water and electrical supply to some parts of the area. The basic achievements at present considered to be in six areas: nutrition, primary education, health, sanitation, water supply, and housing and related infrastructure. The problem is most of the basic achievements are not being achieve, some are very difficult for them to have and acquired. Theoretical Framework Defining poverty at the subsistence level, the 2011 methodology puts the poverty threshold where a family can survive at the barest existence to spend for food, mobility and any shelter from natural elements during the night. Also given the low poverty threshold, the Php446 daily minimum wage in the National Capital Region (NCR) would appear more than enough for a family of five or six. But aside from the question of compliance by companies, this minimum wage has been criticized for forming only 43. 8% of the NCR family living wage. Thus, the new poverty methodology not only serves to offer a prospect of Philippine development by showing less and less Filipinos to be poor; it also serves to embolden employers to bat for a lower minimum wage. In this case, we already have the 4Ps or the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, but still, it doesn’t help much of the low income families because the government cannot reach these families. As researchers we would like to come up a possible way or law that will help a family of five to six member or less live decently. Conceptual Framework The first frame contains personal variables of the worker or the family member. These data that we will gather from the respondents will help us to find out their credibility as a member of the family. Further , the employment history and information is necessary to determine his current salary and income. The second frame contains the method and procedures to be used to analyze those variables by conducting documentary research, interview, survey, observations, and assessment of the information. FEEDBACK PROCESS: -Survey Questionnaire -Documentary Research Unstructured Interview -Analysis and assessment of program implementation -Statistical Analysis OUTPUT: -Conclusion on the objective of the study -Measuring the Poverty Incidence and how they would address it with/without help of the government. INPUT: -Beneficiaries of 4P -Personal Variables -Profile -Employment Information -Earnings -Expenses The Third frame which is the output includes conclusions and recommendation that the re searchers suggested to further improvement of the implementation of the program, the effects and outcome of the study Statement of the Problem This study aimed to determine the poverty incidence in Barangay 591, Manila, to determine the effects and impact to the standard of living and behavior of Filipino poor families and how it influenced their current political attitudes. Specifically, the study seeks answers to the following questions: 1. 0 Profile of the Respondents in terms of the following: 2. 1 Name; 2. 2 Address; 2. 3 Gender; 2. 4 Civil Status; 2. 5 Age; 2. 6 Members of the Family; 2. 7 Educational Attainment; 2. 8 Current Work/Job; 2. 9 Monthly Income; 2. 0 Status of the Family in terms of the following: 3. 0 How many members of the family are working; 3. 11 Do they still have the chance to save money; 3. 0 Do they meet the basic achievement through: 4. 12 Nutrition; 4. 13 Primary Education; 4. 14 Health; 4. 15 Sanitation; 4. 16 Water Supply; 4. 17 Housing and Related Infrastructure; 4. 0 Effectiveness of the Government program of 4Ps (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program) in terms of the following: 5. 18 Consisten cy; 5. 19 Money Spending; 5. 20 Security; 5. 21 Dependability; 5. 22 Assurance; Objective The main goal of the research study is to determine the poverty incidence in Barangay 591. And also, the researchers want to ascertain the effectiveness of the Government program in addressing the extreme poverty issue. Hypothesis This study tested these hypotheses: 1. There is no significant difference between the background of the poor families of the Barangay and the assistance made by the Government for the year 2013. 2. There is no significant result in the level of effectiveness in the performance of 4Ps (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program) delivered by the Government as assessed by the beneficiaries. Scope and Delimitation Selected beneficiaries of 4Ps ( Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program ) in Barangay 591 whose income is less than the minimum wage of Php446 a day. A minimum wage is the lowest hourly wage that employers can legally pay to all employees based on the current version of the law. It helps to close the income gap between rich and poor. Although there is still significant difference, it is still narrowing this gap is important to maintaining a population with equal freedoms. This study will help the different employers and companies on how should they realize how important for a worker his every salary given to him. The monthly income which is greatly not sufficient for an average number of a Filipino family ranges 5-6 members. It simply implies that with the use of this research, the workers for their family can be found abundance and they will work for less that minimum wage since they do not deal with payroll deductions to cover taxes and the like. Significance of the Study The search for a fair society is in fact a search for some form of equity among the members of this society, an equitable position being defined by the equality of members relative to the â€Å"things† which need to be specified. Poverty, which corresponds to an unacceptable degree of inequality, cannot be analyzed without referring to our conception of the desired equality in the framework of the social arrangement. Therefore, this research study is deemed significant to the following stakeholders for the following reasons: * Poverty Incidence – Poverty Rate of the poverty risk rate (PR) and is calculated in Poverty-rate (PR)= P/N , and is the total population of the poor. Poverty gaps, measurements defined in a number of ways, are measures that usually measures the intensity of poverty. Government – This research could provide knowledge to the government on how significant were the conditional cash transfer and the current standard of living of the poor families in Barangay 591. * Poor Families – The research will provide the poor families to determine what further steps will help to improve their lives. * 4Ps (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program) – This research will help determ ine the effectiveness of the program and how to further develop the policy. * Poverty Management – This study determine the factors that may lift or heighten the present plight of the Philippine poverty index. It will emphasize the significance of having a good framework that somehow has an assurance to carry out the will of the program at the end of the day * To the Researchers – the process and outcome of this study will produce competence, professionalism and great satisfaction. Various challenges and exciting adventures will enhance the social lifestyle and intellectual capabilities of the researchers while pursuing to finish what they have started. Definition of Terms The following terms are conceptually or operationally defined to enhance the understanding of the readers of this paper. 1. Poor Families – those who are living below the poverty line as describe by the National Statistical Coordination Board, whose income is far less than the minimum wage prescribed by the government. 2. Poverty – A family can survive at the barest existence to spend for food, mobility, and any shelter from natural elements during the night. 3. Objective Poverty – Defined as a situation in which the individuals basic needs are not covered, in other words, there is a lack of basic goods and services (normally related to food, housing, and clothes). 4. Relative Poverty – Locates the phenomenon of poverty in the society under the study. From this perspective, a person is considered poor when they are in a clearly disadvantaged situation, either financially or socially, with regards other people in their environment. 5. Minimum Wage – Is the lowest hourly wage that employers can legally pay to workers. 6. Local Government – A governing institution which has authority over a sub-national territorially defined area. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ANDSTUDIES Several studies have been conducted here and abroad which have a direct and indirect bearing on the subject to be investigated in this study. This chapter presents a brief review of the foreign and local literatures and studies gathered by the researchers that were found to be of great implication to the present study conducted. The information gathered gave a clearer portrayal of what the present study is all about, and provided a stronger basis on the researchers in the perseverance of the study. Foreign Literature The literature provides many poverty statistics and some empirical results, but little theory to explain them. Perhaps this is because a theory of poverty is complex to model. A widely accepted theory of income distribution that might help one choose between competing model specifications and their varying results† Few researchers have approached the task of analyzing the effects of different variables on the poverty rate in the context of a coherent overall model of the process by which income is generated, and that are swamped with facts about people’s incomes and about the number and compositio n of people who inhabit the lower tail, but don’t know very much about the process that generates these results. † We have first considered that poverty is an equity issue and then belongs to political philosophy, more specifically to ethics. As an analytical framework to differentiate approaches to study, we decided to follow the Sen’s one, in which the distinction between resource, freedom and achievement space is a central element, combined with the basic recognition of human diversity. Human Capital Theory also explains the pattern of individuals’ lifetime earnings are such that they start out low although earnings tend to fall somewhat as individuals near retirement. The human capital theory states that earnings start out low when people are young because younger people are more likely to invest in human capital and will have to forego earnings as they invest. Younger people are more likely to invest in human capital than older people because they have a larger remaining work life to benefit from their investment and their foregone wages- and so costs of investing are lower. Earnings then increase rapidly with age as new skills are acquired. Finally, as workers grow older, the pace of human capital investment and thus productivity slows, leading to slower earnings growth. In the practical work of identifying and measuring poverty in a society, a lot of methodological choices will have to be done, in which will be revealed implicitly, if not explicitly, the social philosophy supporting these choices. It could be clearly the ethical philosophy of one of the approaches here discussed, or a hybrid of them. It is important to be as conscious as possible of the ethical paradigm dissimulated in apparently inoffensive technical choices, since, through policies leaning on these measurements, the whole social structure will be deeply affected. The choice of specific poverty definition as the one and only measuring rod thus appears to have major consequences, both for the observed incidence of poverty and for the distribution of the poor over social subgroup. Local Literature The gap between the minimum wage and cost of the living in the National Capital Region (NCR) has widened significantly in the past 10 years, with a discrepancy of Php567 or 40% of the cost of the living allowance by the end of 2011. Considering these estimates, â€Å"the current NCR minimum wage of Php446 is grossly insufficient to provide for even a small family. The main consideration in regional wage fixing is the regional disparities in the cost of living. Economically, one region is different from the others. Thus, RA 6727 provides in part: â€Å" The state shall promote collective bargaining as the primary mode of setting wages and other terms and conditions of employment; and whenever necessary, the minimum wage rather shall be adjusted in a f air and equitable manner, considering existing regional disparities in the cost of living and other socio-economic factors and the national economic and social development plans. In the first place, R. A 6727 mandates that wages in every region must be set by the particular wage board on the prevailing situations there in not be necessarily, the wages in the different regions will not be uniform. It must be understood that varying in each region of the country are controlling factors such as cost of living , supply and demand of basic goods, services and necessities and purchasing power of the peso. The rules on condition of employment shall not apply to workers who are paid by results, including those who are paid on piece-work if their outputs rather are in accordance with the standards prescribed by the implementing rules of the Labor Code, or where such, rather than Labor and employment in accordance with applicable provisions. Workers such as: paid by results, paid on piece-work, paid by ‘takay’ or ‘pakyaw’, and pain on other non-time work. Their common denominator is that they are paid by results and not on the basis of the time spent in working, such as those being paid straight wages by the hour, day, week or month. Beltran said that exempting minimum wage earners from the income tax would somehow relieve them of the burden caused by the Expanded Vat Law which increase the tax rates to 12 percent from 10 percent and expanded the coverage of the tax to include electricity and oil among others. The Department of Finance itself has been running for the exemption of the minimum wage earners from the income tax despite potential losses in revenue collection that will result from the measure. Department of Finance also said exempting them from the income tax would give substantial relief to low income earners, although it will only lead to a measly loss of revenue of about Php500 in a year for the government. IBON Foundation’s breakdown of expenses is: Php204 per day- food Php2,096/month for rent, Php1,150 per month for fuel, light and water and Php28/day, Php843/month for the transportation, these account for some 80 percent of the total spending with the balance going to personal care, clothing and footwear, education, medical care and others – Africa. This indicates the poor quality life that minimum wage earners in Metro Manila can afford. † As the Philippines’ National Wages and Productivity Commission (NPWC) reports, the average daily minimum wage in the Philippines does not meet half of what a Filipino family of six members needs daily for food and non-food needs, such as money for utilities and public transportation. The minimum wage act was implemented to have fair and reasonable salary for the workers. Implementation of the minimum wage act has its very good intention to uplift and protects workers from employers who, in their desire to maximize profit, refuse to give decent pay to their employees. Even with the minimum wage in place, 71 percent of Filipinos do not earn enough to meet their families’ basic needs. The Php22/day Cost of Living Allowance (COLA) prescribed shall apply to all minimum wage earners in the private sector in the region, regardless of their position, designation or status of employment and irrespective of the method by which they are paid. It shall not cover household or domestic helpers; persons in the personal service of another, including family drivers and workers duly registered Barangay Micro Business Enterprise (BMBEs) with certificate of Authority pursuant to Republic Act 9178. The need for a law exempting minimum wage earners from the income tax has become urgent, finance officials said, especially because Malacanang issued an executive order last year directing employers not to withheld income taxes of their minimum wages employees. But a law formally exempting minimum wage earner from the income tax has to be passed, finance officials stressed. They explained that in the absence of a law, minimum wage earners were still liable to pay the income tax. The matter has become a problem because income tax liabilities of minimum wage earners have already accumulated following the lifting of the withholding mechanisms. Minimum wage earners exempted from the tax withholding mechanisms are those monthly salary is Php5,000 as below, or whose annual salary does not exceed Php60,000 minimum wage earners also include those whose daily pay is Php 325 or below. First, most of the political debate surrounding the proposed changes in the minimum wage concerns the potential effects on employment. Although we do not view that focus as entire appropriate, the fact that employment question takes such importance means that the answers should be based on a comprehensive survey of the literature, recognizing that minimum wage effects may differ across different segments of the population and in different economic circumstances and contexts. We therefore, attempt to draw general conclusions about the effects of the minimum wage on employment that are relevant to policymakers, pointing out, in particular, in what context and for which workers the minimum wage will have consequences. Second, we hope that our research will help readers assess alternative models of the labor market. The recent literature has reopened the debate about the appropriate theoretical description of the low age labor market, with some of the empirical research characterized as rejecting the competitive model in favor of other formulation. As we note throughout the monograph, economic theory often fails to make an unambiguous prediction about the employment effects of minimum wages. Third, many economists or policymakers perusing the literature may find it quite difficult to draw conclusions from the existing evidence. More than 100 studies have been published on the effects of minimum wages on employment since the 1990s, and the findings from this newer research are summarized differently in different places. In some cases, the new minimum wage research is described as failing to find evidence of unemployment effects. Foreign Studies We focus our attention on more recent studies, which has become known as the â€Å"new minimum wage research. † Because the earlier literature on the employment effects of the minimum wage was carefully and extensively summarized, it seems unnecessary to repeat that review in this monograph. In contrast, there is no comprehensive review of the extensive literature that has emerged over the past 15 years. We thus, begin our review with how the government of Malaysia started the new minimum wage policy. Next, we bring up some issues on how the market conditions favors the government policy. Thus, we review that the advantages of the minimum wage policies gazette by the government. We also identify the economic impact such as the small negative employment rate and investment impact. The poverty rate is a static statistics that measures the percentage of the population living below the poverty line during some fixed line interval, usually a year. While the poverty rate in a particular year provides information about the prevalence of poverty, what we learn from the poverty rate is limited. In particular, it does not provide information on the dynamics of poverty. The numerous studies on poverty dynamics do not tie dynamics to changes in the overall poverty rate. Our analysis decomposes the poverty rate providing a better understanding of changes in the poverty rate over time. The Malaysian Trades Union Congress (MTUC) has been asking for a wage policy for decades. The minimum wage policy was announced by the Prime Minister cum Finance Minister in the October 2010 budget speech. On 30 March 2010, the New Economic Model (NEM) proposed the formulation of a minimum wage policy to meet the inclusiveness agenda of the NEM. The objective is to rectify the dysfunctional wage-setting mechanism for low-paid workers. In July 2011, the National Wages Consultative Council Act 2011 (Act 732) was passed by the Parliament and gazette on 15 September 2011, repealing the WCA 1947 (Act 195). In U. S earnings inequality during the 1980s appears to be explained by shifts in the supply of and demand for skills combined with the erosion of labor market institutions- including labor unions and the minimum wage- that protected the earnings of low- and middle-wage workers. A number of influential studies argue that the surge of inequality evident in the 1980s reflected on going, secular rise in the demand for skill that commenced decades earlier and perhaps accelerated during the 1080s with onset of the computer revolution. When this secular demand shift met with an abrupt slowdown in the growth of the relative supply of college-equivalent workers during the 1980s- itself a consequence of slowing educational attainment for cohorts born after 1949 and of smaller entering labor for cohorts- wage differentials expanded rapidly. Local Studies Official poverty measurement actually started in 1985, but the measurement system has undergone a number of changes since then. The latest changes in the official methodology involve the generation of poverty lines for urban/rural areas of each province based on estimating per capita minimal food and non-food requirements in order to meet date user’s demands for more disaggregated statistics. The relationship between poverty and education is quite evident. The poverty profile shows that people living households where either the head has never been to school or at most reached grade school, are very likely to be poor the poverty rate falls further the more schooling a household head gets. This is to be expected as better educated household heads usually have paying occupations, and thus are less likely to be poor. Over the years, there has been considerable work on a descript analysis of poverty in the Philippines. Such interest in poverty analysis has been further sharpened with the decisions of a multitude of countries, including the Philippines, to sign the Millennium Declaration during the 2000 United Nations Summit and to work for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). One of the eight MDGs is the eradication of the extreme poverty and hunger, with two particular targets. With the growing interest in reorienting economic development plans and policies toward developing resources for reducing poverty, it is important to summarize information on poverty in the Philippines and identify characteristics of the poor. As poverty profile serves this purpose and also acts as a descriptive tool for giving clues to the underlying determinants of poverty, which include economic, demographic, social and cultural factors. Although poverty profiles are insightful they are also limited by their informational content in the analysis. Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies From a social researcher’s point of view, poverty is a complex phenomenon influenced by large number of factors and which can be studied from many different perspectives. The study and interpretation of poverty as there are ways of defining it. It is important to distinguish the static studies from the dynamic studies. Dynamic studies include an essential dimension, the length of duration of poverty. In this way, a difference arises between transversal poverty and long-term or persistent poverty. From a completely different perspective, analyses based mainly on the impossibility of access to certain basic consumption elements are carried out, as it is understood that these limitations can result in a lack of social integration, an the study of this aspect of social exclusion, which is strongly linked to poverty. References: Poverty and Its Measurement, Instituto Nacional De Estadistica IBON Foundation Features 31 July 2012 Poverty and Its Measurement, Instituto Nacional De Estadistica. Oxford Dictionary of Politics. http:/www. answers. com/topic/local-government. Probabilities Associated with Entries into, Exits from, and Reentries into Poverty. Sawhill (1988) loc. P. 1112. Louis –Marie Asselin and Anyck Dauphin, †Poverty Measurement†. Ehrenberg and Smith 1991. Louis-Marie Asselin and Anyck Dauphin loc. P. 20. Aldi Hagenaars and Klass de Vos, K. (1998) â€Å"The Definition and Measurement of Poverty† The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. XXIII, No. 2 p. 220. E. De Vera, â€Å"NCR minimum wage insufficient – IBON†, Manila Bulletin, April 24, 2012, p. 14. Section 2, R. A 6727 (Wage Rationalization Act). J. G Chan, Labor Standards and Social Legislation, Vol. , 2009 Revised Edition, p. 480. Section (e), Rule 1, Book II of the Omnibus Rules implementing the Labor Code. C. A Azucena, the Labor code with comments and cases, vol. 1, 5th edition, 2004, p. 156 M. V Remo, â€Å"GMA to push for tax exemption for minimum wage earners. Kaviyarasu Elangkovan, International Journal of Academic Research in Economics . Sept. 2012, Vol. 1. Katz an Autor,(1999), Goldin and Katz (2001), and Acemoglu (2002) for overviews of literature. Jose Ramon G. Albert and Paula Monina Collado,†Profile and Determinants of Poverty in the Philippines,† 2004. Intal, 1994; Marquez and Virola, 1995. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the research design of the study, the sampling technique, the description of the respondents, instrumentation, the data gathering procedure, and the statistical tools used in this study. Research Design This study made use of the descriptive research. This type of research according to Sullivan (2001) has its goal description, or the attempt to discover facts or describe reality. It is a picture or account of what exists summarized in this research in numbers, percentages, frequencies, means and rankings. This research thus deals with the effectiveness of 4Ps Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program delivered by the government. Selltiz and other (1976) mentioned that descriptive researches are not limited to any one method of data collection. This research included: (1) survey questionnaires, (2) key informant interviews, (3) observations and (4) documentary analysis. For the quantitative aspects, the following methods were used: (1) Survey Questionnaires; (2) Key Informant interviews For the qualitative aspects, the following methods were used: (3) Observations; and 4) Documentary analysis Population and Sample Size The beneficiaries of government’s 4Ps Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program was the residents studied. At the beneficiaries, the following targeted population consisted of individuals satisfying the following criteria: 1. A resident of Barangay 591 in Manila; 2. Has been utilizing the services of 4Ps; 3. Of legal age, be 18 years old and above; 4. A household head. Out of the 5O participating members of 4Ps, only 18 were able to provide the researchers with the information and were interviewed. Using the Sloven’s Formula, % was obtained from a total of 50 beneficiaries who received the 4Ps benefits. From this, a total of 18 beneficiary-respondent were obtained. Description of the Respondent Beneficiaries Gender As can be seen from Table 1 they show that there are 0 male out of 18 beneficiary respondents or 0% and 18 female or 100%. It further shows that female dominates the survey and that no male has been interviewed. Table 1. Distribution of Respondent by Gender Gender| Frequency| Percentage %| Male| 0| 0%| Female| 18| 100%| Total| 18| 100%| Marital Status It is indicated in Table 2 that there are 11 or 61% respondents who are married, 2 or 11% are widowed, 5 or 28% percent who are separated and 0 or 0% are still single. It can be noted that the respondents are composed of different marital statuses, but the most and least are married and separated respectively. Table 2. Distribution of Respondent by Marital Status Marital Status| Frequency| Percentage (%)| Single| 0| 0| Married| 11| 61%| Widowed| 2| 11%| Separated| 5| 28%| Total| 18| 100%| Age What can be reflected in Table 3 were the diverse age groupings of the beneficiary-respondents. Majority of the 4Ps respondents are within the 18-30 age range. It is followed by 6 respondents within the range 21-60 age. Table 3. Distribution of Respondent by Age Age| Frequency| Percentage (%)| 18-30| 10| 56%| 31-60| 6| 33%| 61 and above| 2| 11%| Total| 18| 100%| Educational Attainment As shown in Table 4, they reveal that most of the respondents are high school graduates. Table 4. Distribution of Respondents by Educational Attainment Educ. Attainment| Frequency| Percentage (%)| Elementary graduate| 4| 22%| High School graduate| 12| 67%| College Undergrad. | 2| 11%| Total| 18| 100%| Employment The data in Table 5 illustrates the status of employment. Table 5. Distribution of Respondent by Employment Employment| Frequency| Percentage (%)| Unemployed| 9| 50%| Employed| 6| 33%| Self-employed| 3| 17%| Total| 18| 100%| Monthly Income It can be noted in Table 6 that Php6000 and below are the highest income received by the respondent which 61% of the total number of respondents- beneficiaries. Table 6. Distribution of Respondents by Monthly Income Monthly Income| Frequency| Percentage (%)| Php6000 and below| 11| 61%| Php8000| 3| 17%| Php8000-10000| 4| 22%| Php10000 and above| 0| 0%| Total| 18| 100%| Instrumentation A combination of quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques was used. These included survey, observation and key informant interview. Quantitative Methods 1. Questionnaire. The contents of the instrument used were adapted with modifications from other instruments relating to poverty incidence. 2. Pre- testing of the Questionnaire. Pre-testing was conducted in order to test the clarity of the questions and the understanding of the items. The pre-testing was conducted to ascertain if respondents understand the instruments well. After the meanings have been explained to the respondents, all unclear items were removed. Qualitative Methods Qualitative data were collected using the data-collection methods: 1. Key Informant Interviews. A total of 18 key informant interviews which involved the beneficiaries of 4Ps Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. Data Gathering and Procedure 1. Administration and Retrieval of Questionnaires It was during the middle part of February 2012 when the questionnaires were distributed and collected to 4Ps beneficiaries. The instruments were introduced directly to the beneficiaries who met the inclusion criteria. The gathering of the empirical data were done in close cooperation between the researcher and the respondents. Following principles were observed: a. Respondents were assured that they have the free right whether or not to participate in the study and will encounter no disadvantage for either participating or not participating. b. All respondents were informed about the purpose of the study, the uses to be made of the data and the nature of the task. Permission were secured from the Barangay before data collection. Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment of Data Data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcripts, and other materials. Analysis involves (1) working with data, (2) organizing them, (3) breaking them into manageable units, (4) synthesizing them, (5) searching for patterns and themes, (6) discovering what is important and what is to be learned, and (7) deciding what you will tell others. 1. Frequency and Percentage Distributions. For the profile of respondent-beneficiaries, the frequency and percentage distribution was used. The Formula is : P=? N X 1OO% Where P – Percentage Frequency N – Number of Respondents [ 2 ]. Kabeers, ‘Beyond the Poverty Lines : Measuring Poverty and Impoverishing Measures, 1994, London, p. 162 [ 3 ]. IBON Foundation Philippines, 2000. [ 4 ]. National Wages and Poverty Commission, 2012. [ 5 ]. Caroline Cooney, â€Å"How Does Minimum Wage Affect low-income Families†. [ 6 ]. IBON Foundation Features 31 July 2012 [ 7 ]. Jares Bernstein , Economic Policy Institute, 1991. [ 8 ]. Amartya Sen, Inequality Reexamined, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1992,. [ 9 ]. IBON Foundation Features July 31 2012 Philippines. [ 10 ]. Pantawid Pamilyan Pilipino Program, Manila, Philippines. [ 11 ]. www. BalancePolitics. org [ 12 ]. Poverty and Its Measurement, Instituto Nacional De Estadistica. [ 13 ]. IBON Foundation Features 31 July 2012 [ 14 ]. Poverty and Its Measurement, Instituto Nacional De Estadistica. [ 15 ]. Poverty and Its Measurement, Instituto Nacional De Estadistica. [ 16 ]. Oxford Dictionary of Politics. http:/www. answers. com/topic/local-government. [ 17 ]. Probabilities Associated with Entries into, Exits from, and Reentries into Poverty. 18 ]. Sawhill (1988) loc. P. 1112. [ 19 ]. Sawhill (1988) loc. P. 1085. [ 20 ]. Louis –Marie Asselin and Anyck Dauphin, †Poverty Measurement†. [ 21 ]. Ehrenberg and Smith 1991. [ 22 ]. Louis-Marie Asselin and Anyck Dauphin loc. P. 20. [ 23 ]. Aldi Hagenaars and Klass de Vos, K. (1998) â€Å"The Definition and Measurement of Poverty† The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. XXIII, No . 2 p. 220. [ 24 ]. E. De Vera, â€Å"NCR minimum wage insufficient – IBON†, Manila Bulletin, April 24, 2012, p. 14. [ 25 ]. Section 2, R. A 6727 (Wage Rationalization Act). [ 26 ]. J. G Chan, Labor Standards and Social Legislation, Vol. 1, 2009 Revised Edition, p. 480. [ 27 ]. Section (e), Rule 1, Book II of the Omnibus Rules implementing the Labor Code. [ 28 ]. C. A Azucena, the Labor code with comments and cases, vol. 1, 5th edition, 2004, p. 156 [ 29 ]. M. V Remo, ‘GMA to push tax exemption for the minimum wage earners, â€Å" July 19, 2007, p. B1+3. [ 30 ]. E. B De Vera, NCR minimum wage insufficient – IBON Foundation, April 24, 2012, p. 1-4. [ 31 ]. Sec. 2, Wage Order No. NCR-16. [ 32 ]. M. V Remo, â€Å"GMA to push for tax exemption for minimum wage earners. [ 33 ]. Kaviyarasu Elangkovan, International Journal of Academic Research in Economics . Sept. 2012, Vol. 1. [ 34 ]. Kaviyarasu Elangkovan, International Journal of Academic Research in Economics . Sept. 2012, Vol. 1. [ 35 ]. Kaviyarasu Elangkovan, International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, September 2012, Vol. 1, No. 5. [ 36 ]. Katz an Autor,(1999), Goldin and Katz (2001), and Acemoglu (2002) for overviews of literature. [ 37 ]. Jose Ramon G. Albert and Paula Monina Collado,†Profile and Determinants of Poverty in the Philippines,† 2004. [ 38 ]. Intal, 1994; Marquez and Virola, 1995.

Sustainable Living free essay sample

Yussuf Kabiru Abayomi University Of Ilorin, Department of Biochemistry (300Level) 02/10/2012 sustainable living Sustainable living is a lifestyle that attempts to reduce an individuals or societys use of the earths natural resources and his/her own resources. Practitioners of sustainable living often attempt to reduce their â€Å"carbon footprint† by altering methods of transportation, energy consumption and diet.Proponents of sustainable living aim to conduct their lives in ways that are consistent with sustainability, in natural balance and respectful of humanitys symbiotic relationship with the earths natural ecology and cycles. The practice and general philosophy of ecological living is highly interrelated with the overall principles of sustainable development. Lester R. Brown, a prominent environmentalist and founder of the Worldwatch Institute and Earth Policy Institute, describes sustainable living in the 21st century as shifting to a renewable energy-based, reuse or recycle economy with a diversified transport system. Sustainable living is fundamentally the application of sustainability to lifestyle choice and decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Living or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sustainability itself is expressed as meeting present ecological, societal, and economical needs without compromising these factors for future generations. Sustainable living can therefore be described as living within the innate carrying capacities defined by two factors namely; Sustainable design and sustainable development which are critical factors to sustainable living.Sustainable design encompasses the development of appropriate technology, which is a staple of sustainable living practices while sustainable development in turn is the use of these technologies in infrastructure for economic development without polluting the environment. To live sustainably, the following needs must be met without causing any serious damage to the ecosystem and with minimal utilization of the earth resources. Some of the needs include; 1. Shelter 2. Food 3. Clothing 4. Water 5. Transportation 6. PowerSHELTER Sustainable homes are built using sustainable methods, materials, and facilitate green practices, enabling a sustainable lifestyle. Their construction and maintenance have neutral impacts on the earth. Oftentimes, if necessary, they are close in proximity to essential services such as grocery stores, schools, daycares, work, or public transit making it possible to commit to sustainable transportation choices. Sometimes, they are off-the-grid homes that do not require any public energy, water, or sewer service.If not off-the-grid, sustainable homes may be linked to a grid supplied by a power plant that is using sustainable power sources, buying power as is normal convention. Additionally, sustainable homes may be connected to a grid, but generate their own electricity through renewable means and sell any excess to a utility. Sustainably designed houses are generally sited so as to create as little of a negative impact on the surrounding ecosystem as possible, oriented to the sun so that it creates the best possible microclimate and provide natural shading or wind barriers where and when needed, among many other considerations. Sustainably constructed houses involve environmentally friendly management of waste building materials such as recycling and composting, use non-toxic and renewable, recycled, reclaimed, or low-impact production materials that have been created and treated in a sustainable fashion (such as using organic or water-based finishes), use as much locally available materials and tools as possible so as to reduce the need for transportation, and use low-impact production methods (methods that minimize effects on the environment). An example shown below is a sustainable home cartoon picture by Vincent Howell.FOOD Industrial agricultural production is highly resource and energy intensive. Industrial agriculture systems typically require heavy irrigation, extensive pesticide and fertilizer application, intensive tillage, concentrated monoculture production, and other continual inputs. As a result of these industrial farming conditions, today’s mounting environmental stresses are further exacerbated. These stresses include: declining water tables, chemical leaching, chemical runoff, soil erosion, land degradation, loss in biodiversity, and other ecological concerns.

A Womans Place free essay sample

A look at how the lives of women and their role in society changed from the 18th century to the 19th and 20th centuries. The paper explores several issues such as gender stereotyping, education and conduct literature, to show the place of women in the 18th century and how they changed and improved in the 19th and 20th centuries due to the Industrial Revolution, social reform and greater opportunities. In contrast, courtesy manuals for men dating back to the Renaissance instructed men in obtaining social status through courtly habits and refined manners. Conduct books for women concentrated on the virtues of modest restraint and domestic subordination, contributing to the differentiation of public and private spaces for men and women. These manuals perpetuated the thinking that there were two sets of rules for men and women regarding everything from morals and sexual conduct to fashion. Women of the 18th and 19th century were not free to dress as they pleased but rather were corseted and covered beyond our wildest imaginations. We will write a custom essay sample on A Womans Place or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Layer upon layer of material and hoops kept a woman under cover, only to be seen by her husband. Obviously, the principles of Puritan piety and virtue held fast for women during this time period.

Spartan Education essays

Spartan Education essays When examining any society, one of the most important aspects of its civilization to identify is the education of the youth. Children yearn to please their instructors. Therefore, when all children throughout a society are taught a certain way to live and think, when they grow up, the society itself models these values instilled upon the children. Naturally, when using this ideal to study the history of the Ancient Greeks, focus falls upon its two major city-states, Athens and Sparta. As in almost every aspect of comparison, the difference between the education of the warlike Spartans compared to the education of the philosophical Athenians is like comparing black to white. The main focus of a Spartan education was not to focus on literacy. Instead, as a result of the system of helotry practiced in Sparta, fitness, obedience, and courage had to be taught in order for the Spartans to retain the militaristic supremacy that they had over the rest of the Peloponnesus. In contrast, an Athenian education was devoted to the three basic categories of literacy, music, and physical education in hopes of creating intelligent, well-rounded citizens who could responsibly participate in the Assembly. For purposes of comparison, the education of both societies can be broken down into three distinct periods of age in which certain traits were taught and which certain schools were attended. When education was complete, the society had successfully refined another child into its strict system of beliefs and principles. In the eighth century B.C., Sparta was in need of more fertile land to support an ever-growing population that demanded food. Consequently, Sparta was forced to do what any ancient civilization did when in need of resources: They invaded their neighbors, the Messenians, and after a twenty year war, enslaved them as their agricultural laborers, henceforth known as Helots. After many years, the Helots grew to outnumber the Spartans b...

Week4journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week4journal - Assignment Example The growth of industries in the North led to over-reliance to the southerners for the delivery of raw materials. There was an increasing raw material demand from the industries in the north. Cotton was among the main source of raw materials that produced in the south for industries at the north. Since the landowners in the south had a quest of more revenue, they demanded slaves to work for them. Slavery, therefore, became common in the south and deprived the lives of many people. They work in the cotton plantations for many hours without returns. Since the Northern depended so much to the south for the survival of their industries, they opted to control the southerners by making their colony. They moved in and grabbed the southerners’ land. They began to produce raw materials in large scale. Taking away their land meant that the southerners had to work hard to earn an income from the plantations. These aspect of the southerners working in the firms belonging to them but now controlled by the northerners led to colonialism and slavery within America. The demand for equality by the southerners began to grow in the nineteenth century. Slavery was facing hard times and the Africans who were taken to America as slaves were requesting for their rights (Gaston). Their demand for equal rights as the whites led to numerous strikes. Since the northerners and the owners of the plantations in the south wanted to proceed with their business, they allowed the freed slave in the south. Therefore, the development of the industries in the north improved the lively hood of the southerners by giving them a chance to live free and make their judgements. The end of the slave business resulted to states for the southerners. These states became homes to freed slaves (Ayers). They gained their independence and could live a life like their masters. They governed themselves and enjoyed some rights to own property from their

Coca-Cola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Coca-Cola - Essay Example Much of the similarity in the culture has to do with the company’s mission and values that they truly appreciate. The paper will go much in detail about the Coca-Cola Company’s culture. Some topics will be on teams and how these are enforced within the company and how the culture helps motivate employees to achieve the company’s goals. The paper will also explain to some extent how the companies values are integrated in their culture which helps employees adhere to the same values. It helps gain understanding of whether the policies of the company contribute to the sustaining and nurturing of effective team roles and how that can lead to the rise and management of potential conflicts in the company. Corporate Culture Affecting Individuals and Groups and Organization’s Performance Corporate Culture of a business firm shapes the process of conducting business operations and activities. It signifies the different types of behaviors and relationship patterns r eflected by the business enterprise in the course of dealing with its internal and external stakeholders and organizational people. The business culture of Coca-Cola encompasses the parameters of integrity, passion, empowerment, commitment and diversity as the key standpoints in motivating the people to work in a spirited fashion. The organizational culture of Coca-Cola ignites the passion within the individuals to perform in an exalted fashion so as to continually work to promote creativity and innovation in their job pursuits. The people also work as Change Agents in the enterprise domain (â€Å"Our people, culture, vision and values†; â€Å"Workplace Culture†). To this end the above cultural paradigms of Coca-Cola tend to have an impact on the Job Performance criterion of the people in the concern. Job Performance is defined as the effective value gained from the different behavioral reflections of the employees that in turn tend to have an impact, positive or negat ive pertaining to the mode of accomplishment of organizational goals. Though these behavioral sets can be effectively controlled by the individual employees yet individual behavioral types like ‘Task Performer’ and ‘Citizenship Behavior’ are related as such that help in the effective goal accomplishments while ‘Counterproductive Behavior’ is taken to negatively impact the goal accomplishment function. ‘Task Performers’ and ‘Citizenship Behaviors’ are those employees that proactively work to transform the resources available with the concern in the form of technology, human and financial capital to produce desired set of goods and services and those that without any need for earning rewards move to form effective interpersonal relationships with other organizational people and also such that tend to defend the concern and boost the motivation levels respectively (Colquitt, LePine and Wesson 37-50). The work culture of C oca Cola encourages people to actively work in an empowered fashion to help accomplish organizational goals effectively. Moreover, the business culture of the firm being open motivates the people to work in a coordinated fashion to achieve end goals. In terms of Applications of Performance Management, the management team at Coca-Cola tends to work on the process of Management by Objectives where the employees mutually coordinate with their managers to perform a given set of objectives within a stipulated time period. Evaluation of the performance of the

Knowledge Management & Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Knowledge Management & Business - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that the most common characteristics that indicate a firm has suffered a severe knowledge loss especially in a firm that manufactures musical instruments are the loss of people or customers especially if deadlines were not met loss of assets, loss of projects and loss of key work functions. Knowledge loss takes place in situations such as staff mobility, career moves and through retirement. Assets are also lost through transfer of assets and the lack of asset memory or historical data. Projects on the other hand are lost through insufficient experiences. To avoid knowledge loss certain tools are used that are able to effectively capture knowledge, transfer the knowledge and produce useful and accessible results.As the paper highlights  there are numerous challenges and barriers that affect the knowledge retaining and transfer process they include; lack of time, lack of knowledge retention tools, lack of funding, lack of time. For the managing director of Global Wannabe to solve the issue of knowledge loss systematically, he must understand that in this optimized and lean business world, time factor is the most valuable asset.  The managing director also has the task of ensuring that the staff is made aware of the advantages of retaining and transferring knowledge and the impact it has on the success of a business.  The implementation of the KRT or the Knowledge retention and transfer program would be the most effective strategy in reducing risks and knowledge loss.

Zero Tolerance Policing

Zero Tolerance Policing Within modern society the contemporary debate from the population is, ‘what do we want from our police forces and what is an acceptable level of performance should be in terms of fairness and effectiveness of today’s policing. Bowling (2007) in his research study outlined the importance of ‘zero tolerance policing and ‘problem orientated policing’ within society. The author in this assignment will analyse what the public actually want from their police force and also outline and evaluate the concept of ‘zero tolerance policing’ and ‘problem orientated policing’ by using Bowling (2007) views within his research papers. Within police policies and powers which are governed by individual acts produced and enforced within Parliament and are sanctioned in the police and criminal evidence act (1994). This act deals with the complex interpretation of criminal and police evidence which puts these policies into application that are practical within society. The majority of these were supportive of concepts that deal with various crime and criminal activities that are socially unacceptable such as anti-social behaviour. Within communities and neighbourhoods the concept of change in the police force was needed within modern society. ‘Zero tolerance’ concept of policing started in New York (US) at a period in time when the drug trade and various other socio-economic factors showed an increase in these criminal activities. Homicide in particular saw an increase, it increased an incredible 63% within the periods of 1985-1990 (Bowling 1999). Bowling (1999) states in his research paper that the rise of Homicide in the state of New York maybe connected to the decline in the drug market and inner fights with various street gangs within New York City. Due to this increase in criminal activities within New York, the New York Police Department commissioner promised prior to becoming elected that he would try and reinvent the streets of the city of New York (McLaughlin 2007). With the full backing of the newly appointed Mayor of New York, they would now ensure that they will enforce the law and provide ‘zero tolerance’ policing with New York City. In the UK, Jack Straw and Tony Blair tried to recreate this policy on ‘zero tolerance’ within the streets of Britain. Jack Straw’s concept was to allow the police the power to, †¦..†Reclaim Britain increasingly brutalised urban spaces from winos, addicts, squeegee merchants, graffiti taggers, louts and disorderly youths’’†¦.. McLaughlin (2007). During the decades there have been a number of attempts of reforming the police force within society through legal changes that attempts to transform police cultures and accountability within the police force. During the concept of police reform within today’s modern society should be concerned with accountability and responsiveness to the communities and neighbourhood in which the police force are serving. Within the police forces geographical area, the communities should be guaranteed the maintained of peace and be protected by their local police force within society. It is clear that with the introduction of ‘the new police’ in the 18th Century, have played a pivotal role in the general literature within policing. Policing within England perceived various problems in society, concerning popular disorder within various classes, including the poorer members of society. The ‘new police’ were associated with the mechanisms of social order and control within society. The working poorer class was incorporated into a life which is seen as more of a disciplined movement in the development of reform, common and extremely recurrent in the 18th Century. The policies of the police were to find effective ways of preventing and reducing criminal activities within society and provide a positive method and concept of policing for all members of the community. The policies and procedures of policing have general law enforcement duties that include the concept of regular patrols and responding to general public’s calls for various police service. The role of the police within society goes far beyond the general public’s imagination and their roles change from day to day. Their work regime reflects on the various roles within society which can be directing traffic to homicide. In all of these activities the officer is carrying out their role in the criminal justice system.society. Within society the police are expected to fully protect and govern the streets within modern society, the concept of ‘zero tolerance’ policing was introduced to establish a safer policing regime to protect and ensure the safety of communities and neighbourhoods within society. Zero tolerance policing is extremely popular with the general public who see this as the police being tougher on any types of criminal activity. In July 2003 a poll conducted by ICM (2003) analysed and concluded that the support from ‘zero tolerance policing showed a majority of the general public were in favour of this type of policing within their neighbourhoods and communities. Zero tolerance style of policing within society can be extremely beneficial to communities and this can lead to reductions in criminal activities within the geographical area. However zero tolerance policing can have a negative effect on the communities within society, with the presence of the police presence can antagonise racial motivated criminal activities in communities if not policed correctly and effectively. Within the concept of ‘zero-tolerance’ policing the concept of ‘Broken windows theory’ is utilised by criminologists. Kelling et al (1982) they suggest that any low-level criminal activities must be solved quickly, thus, mending the ‘broken windows’ if these activities are not resolved straight away further disorders and crimes may escalate within societies community. The concept of dealing with disorderly conditions to try and prevent any criminal activity is present in police strategies where the police the police attempt to impose social and community order through strict enforcement. According to Cordner (1998) and Skogan (2006) community and problem-orientated policing concepts and strategies where police officers tried to develop order and reduce criminal activity through the method of cooperation within neighbourhoods and community members and address recurring criminal problems within society. This method of policing varies from geograph ical area across police forces, but the concept of ‘Broken windows’ is utilised in the prevention of crime control. Weisburd et al (2007) analysed that the concept of ‘broken windows’ con be defined as, †¦.Ones perception of incivilities in the neighbourhood or community that has more of an impact than the amount of incivilities within the neighbourhood or community†¦.. (Weisburd Braga, 2007). Houses that are unkempt and are not cared for gives individuals who are committing criminal activities the misconception and impression that the community does not care or value the quality of life within their neighbourhood. The environment signals the criminal individuals the freedom to steal, litter, and vandalize this geographical area within the community. Within the community if there is various types of unkempt houses this could open up the communities and neighbourhoods to be exposed to various types of disorders, such as loitering and public drunkenness, that if the problem is not dealt with could exculpate and therefore lead to more serious crimes. †¦.. Neighbourhood and community disorders can influence honest people to move out of the neighbourhood or lock themselves in their homes, but it influences the disorderly and especially criminals to move into the neighbourhood and commit criminal activities†¦.. (Harcourt, Nov. 1998:297). Within communities and neighbourhoods if certain individuals are committing disorderly activities such as, youths and teenagers gathering in front of the local small convenience store. These individuals can start to consume alcohol in front of the shop and over a period of time the area is unkempt and considered to be a problematic area of society. Community and neighbourhood members are can be therefore be approached and hassled by very persistent disorderly individuals. This can lead to local members of the community feeling that their neighbourhood is no longer safe place to live. The individuals can feel intense insecurity can therefore force the individuals to stay inside of their homes, or relocate to another area, which leads to empty houses and can lead to further deterioration of the neighbourhood. Zero tolerance method of policing can be defined in many ways. The most widely used approach involves strict non-discretionary enforcement of criminal law regardless of the circumstances and nature of the offence. Many advocates of zero tolerance stimulate that whilst it does consist of positive methods by the police, it does not automatically lead to the conviction and arrest of minor offences and criminal activities within society. Advocates also claim that zero tolerance policing can reduce criminal activity within society and also reduces the fear of crime in communities. Zero Tolerance policing can also drastically increase the confidence in the ability of the police by the community and neighbourhood members and can also be beneficial to the community and also help with problem orientated policing. The concept of Problem-Oriented Policingoffers the theory that †¦..â€Å"the more the police force are accurately and can therefore identify and minimize the immediate causes of trends and patterns of crime, hopefully the less crime there will be within society† (Sherman, 1993). In order to test this theory criminal activity has to be measured. However, the measurement of crime can be extremely problematic due to the various amount and types of crime within society and also the fact that unfortunately not all crimes are recorded. Therefore measuring how effective prevention methods are is also just as difficult. Adams (1996) research study emphasised the study on reducing youth crime in communities, he concluded that police officers can prevent the intersection of motivated criminal offenders within time and space with suitable targets of crime, the less criminal activity there will be. However the research study found that there was no obvious reduction in criminal activity by the setting of curfews for the majority of offenders which in the research study was aimed at youths in society. Another researcher Kennedy (1996) suggested the method and concept that the more police officers can remove weapons and guns from public open places and hopefully deter individuals in society carrying them in the environments of criminal events, the less criminal activities there should be. Through better knowledge and therefore application of search procedures Kennedy found that the reduction of gun carrying significantly reduced gun crime within society. Problem oriented policing can have massive benefits towards the community and hopefully it will promote more involvement in the issues of public safety, and in turn can reduce the feelings of fear and increases the feelings of safety within the general public in society. With good policing of the concept of problem orientated policing, it can promote an extremely positive perception of today’s modern police force. In conclusion most criminal activities within society are statistically increasing and the majority crime rates and especially the rates of violent related crimes are drastically increasing throughout the globe. Statistically the main targets for blame are higher drug consumption, higher inequality of individuals in communities and racial motivated crimes, and greater availability of gun and knife crimes. Within the government some politics viewpoints can favor the principle of rehabilitation and structural improvement to fight crime within society. The concept of ’zero tolerance’ and ‘problem orientated policing’ aims to prevents serious crime by controlling and clamping down on the many different categories of minor crimes that police officers believe can lead to further criminal activities and therefore needs the concept of using custodial sentences for first time offences. A major body of research and many authors on the concept policing have analysed argued that modern day policing can be seen as not being an effective way of controlling crime and that in any case the method of dealing with criminal activity is not the only section of what the police force do and therefore it is considered not the distinctly role within the modern police force in society (Neyroud and Beckley 2001). Neyroud and Beckley (2001) in their research concluded that the pivotal role and functions of the modern police force highlights a move in the methods of the principle of law enforcement and criminal reduction and prevention in modern society. This concept of zero tolerance policing and problem orientated policing will hopefully allow the general public within communities to feel safer within their neighborhood’s and have total reliance of the police force that are policing today’s modern society. 1

Political Parties, Party and Electoral Systems, and Voting Behavior in the Uk

*Political Parties, Party and Electoral Systems*, and Voting Behavior in the UK *Political Parties and the *UK’s Party System Brief History: The Labour Party grew out of the trade union movement and socialist political parties of the 19th century, and continues to describe itself as a party of democratic socialism. Labour was the first political party in Great Britain to stand for the representation of the low-paid working class and it is the working class who are known as the Labour Party grassroots and traditional members and voters. The party traditionally favors socialist policies such as public ownership of key industries, government intervention in the economy, redistribution of wealth, increased rights for workers and trade unions, and a belief in the welfare state and publicly funded healthcare and education. socialist policies such as public ownership of key industries, government intervention in the economy, redistribution of wealth, increased rights for workers and trade unions, and a belief in the welfare state and publicly funded healthcare and education. But since the 1980’s, under the leadership of Neil Kinnock, John Smith and Tony Blair the party has moved away from its traditional socialist position towards what is often described as the â€Å"Third Way† (centrism) adopting some Thatcherite and free market policies after losing in four consecutive general elections. The Conservative Party on the other hand, descended from the Tory Party, founded in 1678, and is still often referred to as the Tory Party and its politicians, members and supporters as Tories. It was also known as the Unionist Party in the early 20th century, following the Conservatives' alliance with that part of the Liberal Party, known as the Liberal Unionists, who opposed their party's support for Irish Home Rule. The Irish Home Rule Movement articulated a longstanding Irish desire for the repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 by a demand for self-government within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Conservative Party is considered the centre-right political party in the United Kingdom. Moderate Two Party System? The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament depends on the relationship between the Government and the Opposition parties. Even though they oppose each other, they still help each other in a way the the opposition: contributes to the creation of policy and legislation through constructive criticism, opposes government proposals they disagree with, and they put forward their own policies in order to improve their chances of winning the next general election. These things give the party seated choices and other options to ensure that their actions contribute to the betterment of the whole country. Electoral Systems and Voting Behavior The question now is how they are elected. The UK has four types of electoral systems. The first one is the most used, the First Past the Post system. It is the one used to elect the MP’s that seat in the House of Commons. There is a single winner and that is the person with the most votes; there is no requirement that the winner gain an absolute majority of votes. The next system is the block/bloc voting, used in local government elections in England and Wales. It is a voting system for electing several representatives from a single multimember electoral district using a series of check boxes and tallying votes similar to the First Past the Post system. Next is the single transferable vote system, used in Northern Ireland to elect the Assembly, local councils, and Members of the European Parliament, and in Scotland to elect local councils. It is a preferential voting system designed to minimize â€Å"wasted† votes, provide proportional representation, and ensure that votes are explicitly cast for individual candidates rather than party lists. Last is the Party-list system, used in the European Parliament elections in England, Scotland and Wales. It is a voting system that emphasizes proportional representation in elections returning multiple candidates. Voters directly vote for the party. For the past few elections, it is sad to say that the trend in the UK’s voters turnout is not that pleasing to see. Turnout has fallen from 77% in 1992, 71% in 1997 and 61% in 2001. There had been a slight increase in the 2005 elections but still, it is really low. Now the question is what explains these behaviors. Reasons like the lack of variation in the ideologies of the main parties, the decline in partisanship, the reduction in the popularity of various Party leaderships, the dissatisfaction with parties' record on public services, education, transport etc. , the lack of interest in the election campaigns and the voter’s apathy due to voters believing their vote will have no effect on the overall outcome. People often have a mind set that their voteis not needed anymore that is why they are contented by just letting the elections pass by. The UK really is a complicated country but studying it is really worthwhile. Bibliography: http://www. parliament. uk http://www. nriol. com http://en. wikipedia. org http://british-house-of-commons. suite101. com Bale, T. (2005) European Politics: A Comparative Introduction, chap. 5 and 6. Webb, P. (2004) ‘Party Responses to the Changing Electoral Markets in Britain’ in Mair, P. et. al. (eds. ) Political Parties and Electoral Change.

Diversity Essay Essay

As an educator in any school you have experienced a diverse range of students; from boys and girls, young adults, to immigrants starting a new life. In each classroom you will encounter and continue to encounter a different mix of student demographics. In order to be an effective educator you learn to adapt the curriculum and teaching methods to each unique situation. In most teaching experiences the students are the usually the ones adapting to the surroundings, however in my current teaching position it has been myself that has had to adapt to the surroundings. Teaching in a different country brings whole new experiences and places you outside of your comfort zone. It is not just adapting to a new curriculum and surrounding, but adapting to a new culture, and in my case a religion that is highly present in my classroom. Although my students do not differ from the other students in the classroom, does not make my classroom any less diverse. There is still a broad range of experiences and perspectives brought to the classroom that offers a powerful resource for everyone to learn more—in different ways, in new environments, and with different people. Every single person in this enormously diverse and ever changing system has the power to serve as an invaluable resource for all others, students, teachers and the community as a whole (Cummins, Brown & Sayer, 2007). As educators we all have strengths and weaknesses in our practices. It is  true that every day as a teacher you learn something new. It is those experiences that strengthen our strengths and help our weaknesses. According to Walden’s Diversity Proficiency Self-Assessment my strengths relate to understanding how cultures, family, and communities influence how my students understand, as well as knowing the needs of English language learners to support their learning. My weaknesses stem from meeting individual needs in various ways. Teaching in a different country has allowed me to place myself in a situation where I can fully immerse myself in a different culture other than my own. Being culturally sensitive to their ideas has made my relationships with the students and parents stronger than I ever thought I would be. Something as simple as dressing in their traditional clothing can be a gesture of respect, especially to the parents. Some of my students have never been around western people before so dressing in an Abaya (traditional dress worn by women) can make the students feel more comfortable. Aside from the way I present myself, my classroom setting has to be structured in a way that is acceptable as well. In the Muslim world they do not eat pork, or have anything to do with pigs; so finding an alphabet, and reading or singing songs about a farm has to be planned and alter to fit the culture inside the classroom. My classroom usually has between twenty three to twenty five students ever year. In the past several years we have had to share Arabic teachers because we do not have enough. In this case being able to meet all twenty five students’ individual needs has been a struggle for me. Also having special needs in my classroom and no special needs program to help me, a lot of my extra energy was spent with them. I try to balance by having groups set up by academic level, but even within those groups I struggled to find ways to address all individual strengths and weaknesses. Although I struggle with finding ways to ensure all my students are getting the appropriate instruction for each individual need does not mean my students to do feel a part of everyday life in my classroom. I still find  ways to show my students that they can succeed. My goal is to help facilitate my students’ pursuit for knowledge and help them acquire the communication skills, problem solving skills, and critical thinking skills which will enable them to be life-long learners. A major part that has helped me promote these skills in my classroom is through professional development. Collaborating with my colleagues keeps me focused and engaged on tasks inside the school and classroom. Observing different styles of teaching has motivated me to try new ideas in my classroom and when my students show excitement about trying new things I know that they are succeeding in their own way. Not only does professional development help me become a better teacher but also the courses from Walden University. I have learned and adapted numerous ideas from other teachers and professors. The strategies and teaching English language learner’s courses have been the most influential. As teachers, student success is also a priority. It is important to remember as a teacher that success is measured in different ways. Success can be getting a good grade and for another student it could an increase in involvement. Whatever the success teachers must be able to help each student reach their full potential. In order for my students to succeed I must have goals set for myself. My first action is to continually grow in my profession. I want to be involved in new ideas and research that can enhance my day-to-day teaching. Keeping up with the latest information through courses, workshops, and professional journals can lead to more student interest and greater student success. My second action is to vary my instructional techniques. Instead of getting to the routine of doing routines I want to vary my teaching methods and provide my students with a greater opportunity to learn. Instead of differentiating one or two ways I want to have a variety of ways that will allow for different learning styles. I also want my students to understand how to succeed. I want to provide my students with a success criterion so  they understand how I will be grading their work. The broad range of experience and perspectives brought to school by culturally, linguistically, and ethnically diverse students offer a powerful resource for everyone to learn more in different ways, in new environments, and with different types of people (Epstein & Sheldon, 2007). The growing diversity in classrooms encourages the development and use of diverse teaching strategies designed to respond to each student as an individual. References: Cummins, J., Brown, K., & Sayers, D. (2007). Literacy, technology, and diversity: Teaching for success in changing times. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Epstein, J. L., & Sheldon, S. B. (2006). Moving forward: Ideas for research on school, family, and community partnerships. In C. F. Conrad & R. Serlin (Eds.), SAGE handbook for research in education: Engaging ideas and enriching inquiry (pp. 117–138). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

The perks of being a wallflower Essay

The perks of being a wallflower Essay The perks of being a wallflower Essay The perks of being a wallflower Theme: Friendship, Drugs, and Sex. Summary: The perks of being a wallflower is a novel written from the point of view of a high school freshman, the main characteristic is Charlie. Structure of the novel is based on Charlie's role as a stranger sent letters to another person. In the first year of high school, his friend Michael committed suicide, he felt very alone. In the following days, he met a student named Patrick, and Patrick introduced his sister Sam to Charlie. After this, they became good friends, and he grew to love Sam. He has a aunt in this world who is his favorite love. But unfortunately, his aunt died in a car accident. He has a complete family, his brother is a student at Pennsylvania State University and is a footballer. His parents were very ordinary people. He also has a sister. Because a party, she met a guy and and it went to bed. Later, Charles told his parents that his sister had a boyfriend. In later days, his sister was pregnant, and then broke up with her boyfriend. In a gathering, he knows Patrick and Brad sex in the bed and knew he was gay. In a gathering, he knows Patrick and Brad in love and knew he was gay. Charlie and Patrick often smoke, and even gave Charlie marijuana. One day, Charlie was very upset, so he decided to smoke marijuana. In that one night he collapsed in the street and was lectured police. Then Charlie's parents brought him to the house. Charlie marijuana because he kissed Sam on the ball,

A Gerund Is a Verb and a Noun in One

A Gerund Is a Verb and a Noun in One A Gerund Is a Verb and a Noun in One A Gerund Is a Verb and a Noun in One By Mark Nichol A gerund is a verb that also functions as a noun. For example, one can say one is engaged in the act of writing, but one can also say that what one is doing is a thing called writing. A gerund can be part of the subject of a sentence (â€Å"Writing takes a lot of effort†) or part of the object (â€Å"I’ve done a lot of writing†). Most writers generally employ gerunds without difficulty, but one aspect of their use can be confusing: the genitive case. In the genitive case, the pronoun associated with the gerund takes a different form than it would when associated with the same word used as a verb. For example, when expressing that you listened to some people talking, you would write, â€Å"I heard them talking.† However, if you are emphasizing talking as a thing rather than an action, you would write, â€Å"I heard their talking.† Or, consider the difference between â€Å"They heard it breaking† (breaking is a verb) and â€Å"They heard its breaking† (breaking is a gerund). Writers should also make a distinction with possessive forms of nouns: â€Å"The girl shouting awakened her parents† uses shouting as a verb (girl is the subject); in â€Å"The girl’s shouting awakened her parents,† however, shouting is a gerund (and shouting, not girl, is the subject). In many instances, the difference in connotation is insignificant, but whether one employs a simple verb or uses it as a gerund can change the sense of the sentence. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant Names3 Types of HeadingsDealing With A Character's Internal Thoughts

How the Internet is Changing Market Research Paper

How the Internet is Changing Market - Research Paper Example The marketing research activities are based on a number of techniques to gain potential information from the marketplace. Activities of primary research which enables the use of primary tools can conduct interviews on groups of people or on specific individuals. These interviews conducted over focus or target groups are conducted either personally or through telephones or by rendering mails. Again the data can be gathered by the researcher through the conducting of experiments where control over the data variables is rendered through effective observation. After the division of the population into focus groups questionnaires are designed to conduct interviews to help retrieve potential data. After collection of potential data the same can be tested using statistical tools or hypothesis is conducted on the same to help retrieve potential inferences (Isikli, 84-88, Jakubiak, et. al. 7-11). Use of Internet Research Techniques in Marketing ResearchWith the advent of internet technology s everal firms like Procter and Gamble have gained considerably. It is because the development of internet has helped the company in building a test market wherein the company can launch new products and services to help reach a large number of consumers spread along large geographical areas and territories. These consumers can render potential ratings to the new launches on gaining required information and also renders their personal information on the same. These ratings and personal information serve as potential databases.... After collection of potential data the same can be tested using statistical tools or hypothesis is conducted on the same to help retrieve potential inferences (Isikli, 84-88, Jakubiak, et. al. 7-11). Use of Internet Research Techniques in Marketing Research With the advent of internet technology several firms like Procter and Gamble have gained considerably. It is because the development of internet has helped the company in building a test market wherein the company can launch new products and services to help reach a large number of consumers spread along large geographical areas and territories. These consumers can render potential ratings to the new launches on gaining required information and also renders their personal information on the same. These ratings and personal information serve as potential databases to the consumer goods company which in earlier times had to be gathered through building of a market research team that would roam about the market place to gather potent ial business data. This activity of the business company would have led to the increase of business costs and would also require a large amount of time to be expended on the same. Hence with the advent of internet technology these business companies which survived on the basis of considerable information retrieved from the market place to help reduce the cost of gaining the same. Again the use of internet based technology in regards to marketing research activities also helps the consumer goods company in gaining large amount of secondary data that is used by the company later on to train the sales and organizational staff. Secondary data generated from the internet can be potential information in regards to the competitor’s position and their